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National Space Administration_NSA

List of space agencies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You have new messages (last change).

This is a list of government agencies engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration.

The name given is the English version, with the native language version below. The acronym given is the most common acronym: this can either be the acronym of the English version (e.g. JAXA), or the acronym in the native language. Where there are multiple acronyms in common use, the English one is given first.

The date of the founding of the space agency is the date of first operations where possible. If the space agency is no longer running, then the date when it was terminated (i.e. the last day of operations) is given. A link to the Agency's primary website is also given.

Color legend

The capabilities of the space agencies are color-coded as follows:

  Manned Lunar Exploration + Operates Space Station + Manned Space Flight + Operates Extraterrestrial Probes + Launch Capability + Operates Satellites

  Operates Space Station + Manned Space Flight + Operates Extraterrestrial Probes + Launch Capability + Operates Satellites

  Manned Space Flight + Operates Extraterrestrial Probes + Launch Capability + Operates Satellites

  Operates Extraterrestrial Probes + Launch Capability + Operates Satellites

  Launch Capability + Operates Satellites

  Operates Satellites

  None Of The Above

Contents   [hide]  1 List of space agencies 2 List of space agencies with launch capability 3 List of space agencies with manned spaceflight capability 4 List of achievements of space agencies with lunar landing capability 5 Expected future space agencies 6 Budgets 7 World maps 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

[edit]List of space agencies

Space agency		Country	Founded	Terminated	Capabilities of the space agency				Ref(s)
Name	Initialisms/Acronym				Astronauts	Operates Satellites	Sounding Rockets capable	Recoverable Biological Sounding Rockets capable
Aeronautics and Space Research and Diffusion Center (Spanish: Centro de Investigación y Difusión Aeronáutico-Espacial)	CIDA-E	Uruguay	5 August 1975	—	No	No	No	No	—
Mexican Space Agency (Spanish: Agencia Espacial Mexicana)	AEM	Mexico	30 July 2010	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	—
French: Agence Spatiale Algérienne Berber: Tafullut Tadzayrit n Tallunt Arabic: الوكالة الفضائية الجزائرية‎ (Algerian Space Agency)	ASAL	Algeria	16 January 2002	—	No	Yes	No	No	—
Asia Pacific Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Applications (Chinese: 亚太空间技术应用多边合作会议)	AP-MCSTA	International[show]	February 1992	—	No	Yes	No	No	—
Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (Japanese: アジア太平洋地域宇宙機関会議)	APRSAF	International[show]	1993	—	No	Yes	No	No	—
Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (Chinese: 亚太空间合作组织)	APSCO	International[show]	28 October 2005	—	No	Yes	No	No	—
German: Agentur für Luft- und Raumfahrt (Aeronautics and Space Agency; also Austrian Space Agency; (Austrian Solar and Space Agency 1977–1987)	ALR	Austria	12 July 1972	—	No	No	No	No	[1][2]
Azerbaijani:Azərbaycan Milli Aerokosmik Agentliyinin (Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency)	AMAKA	Azerbaijan	21 February 1974	—	No	No	No	No	—
Dutch: Belgisch Instituut voor Ruimte-Aëronomie French: Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy)	BIRA IASB BISA	Belgium	25 November 1964	—	No	No	No	No	[3]
Spanish: Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales (Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities)	ABAE	Venezuela	1 January 2008	—	No	Yes	No	No	[4]
Portuguese: Agência Espacial Brasileira (Brazilian Space Agency)	AEB	Brazil	10 February 1994	—	Yes	Yes	Yes[5]	No	[6]
UK Space Agency	UKSA	United Kingdom	1 April 2010	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[citation needed]
Bulgarian: Българска академия на науките (Space Research Institute, Solar-Terrestrial Influences Institute) Bulgarian Space Agency	ИКИ-БАН SRI-BAS] ИСЗВ-БАН STIL-BAS	Bulgaria	1987	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	[7]
Canadian Space Agency French: Agence spatiale canadienne	CSA ASC	Canada	1 March 1989	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[8]
China National Space Administration (Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局)	CNSA	People's Republic of China	22 April 1993	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[9]
Spanish: Comisión Colombiana del Espacio (Colombian Space Commission)	CCE	Colombia	18 July 2006	—	No	Yes	No	No	[10]
Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing	CRISP	Singapore	1995	—	No	Yes	No	No
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation	CSIRO	Australia	1926	—	No	Yes	No	No	[11]
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems	CCSDS	International[show]	1982	—	No	No	No	No	—
Committee on Space Research	COSPAR	International[show]	1958	—	No	No	No	No	[12][12][12]
Croatian: Hrvatska svemirska agencija (Croatian Space Agency)	HSA CSA	Croatia	October 2002	—	No	No	No	No	[13]
Czech: Česká kosmická kancelář (Czech Space Office)	ČKK CSO	Czech Republic	November 2003	—	No	No	No	No	[14]
Danish: Danmarks Rumcenter (Danish National Space Center)	DRC DNSC	Denmark	1 January 1968	31 December 2006	Yes	No	No	No	[citation needed]
Danish: Dansk Rumforskningsinstitut (Danish Space Research Institute)	DRKI DSRI	Denmark	1 January 2005	31 December 2006	No	Yes	No	No	[citation needed]
Danish: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet – Institut for Rumforskning og -teknologi (Technical University of Denmark – National Space Institute)	DTU Space	Denmark	1 January 2006	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	[15]
European Space Agency (French: Agence spatiale européenne) (German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation)	ESA ASE EWO	esa[show]	31 May 1975	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[16][17]
Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency (Spanish: Agencia Espacial Civil Ecuatoriana)	EXA	Ecuador	1 November 2007	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	[citation needed]
Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Thai: สำนักงานพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีอวกาศและภูมิสารสนเทศ)	GISTDA สทอภ	Thailand	3 November 2002	—	No	Yes	No	No	[18]
German: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center)	DLR	Germany	1969	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[19]
Hungarian: Magyar Űrkutatási Iroda (Hungarian Space Office)	MŰI HSO	Hungary	January 1992	—	No	Yes	No	No	[20]
Indian Space Research Organization (Hindi: भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन)	ISRO इसरो	India	15 August 1969	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[19]
Greek: Ινστιτούτο Διαστημικών Εφαρμογών και Τηλεπισκόπησης (Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing)	ΙΔΕΤ ISARS	Greece	1955	—	No	Yes	No	No	[citation needed]
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial	INTA	Spain	1942	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[21][22][23]
Iranian Space Agency (Persian: سازمان فضایی ایران‎)	ISA	Iran	2003	—	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	[24][25][26]
Israeli Space Agency (Hebrew: סוכנות החלל הישראלית‎) (Arabic: وكالة الفضاء الإسرائيلية‎)	ISA סל"ה	Israel	April 1983	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[citation needed]
Italian Space Agency (Italian: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana)	ASI	Italy	1988	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[citation needed]
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japanese: 宇宙航空研究開発機構)	JAXA	Japan	1 October 2003	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[27]
National Space Agency (KazCosmos); Kazakh Space Research Institute	NSA (KazCosmos); SRI	Kazakhstan	1991	—	No	No	No	No	—
Korean Committee of Space Technology (Korean: 조선우주공간기술위원회)	KCST	North Korea	1980s	—	No	No	Yes	No	[28][29]
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (Korean: 한국항공우주연구원)	KARI	South Korea	10 October 1989	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[citation needed]
Malaysian National Space Agency (Malay: Agensi Angkasa Negara)	ANGKASA	Malaysia	2002	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	[30]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	NASA	United States	1 October 1958	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[31]
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (Arabic: الهيئة العامة للاستشعار عن بعد وعلوم الفضاء ‎)	NARSS	Egypt	1994	—	No	Yes	No	No	[32]
French: Centre National d’Études Spatiales (National Center of Space Research)	CNES	France	19 December 1961	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[33]
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial (National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development)	CONIDA	Peru	11 June 1974	—	No	No	Yes	No	—
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (National Commission for Space Research)	CNIE	Argentina	1961	1991	No	No	Yes	Yes	[34][35]
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (National Space Activities Commission)	CONAE	Argentina	28 May 1991	—	No	Yes	Yes	No	[34]
Indonesian: Lembaga Antariksa dan Penerbangan Nasional (National Institute of Aeronautics and Space)	LAPAN	Indonesia	27 November 1964	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[citation needed]
National Remote Sensing Center of Mongolia	NRSC	Mongolia	1987	—	No	No	No	No	[36]
French: Centre national de télédétection (Arabic: المركز الوطني للإستشعار عن بعد‎) (National Remote Sensing Center of Tunisia)	CNT	Tunisia	1988	—	No	No	No	No	—
Uzbek State Space Research Agency (UzbekCosmos)	USSRA (UzbekCosmos)	Uzbekistan	2001	—	No	No	No	No	[9] [10]
Ukrainian:Національне космічне агентство України (National Space Agency of Ukraine)	НКАУ NSAU	Ukraine	2 March 1992	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[11]
National Space Organization (Chinese: 國家太空中心)	NSPO	Republic of China (Taiwan)	October 1991	—	No	Yes	Yes	No	[37]
National Space Research and Development Agency	NASRDA	Nigeria	1998	—	No	Yes	No	No	[citation needed]
Dutch: Stichting Ruimteonderzoek Nederland (Netherlands Institute for Space Research)	SRON	Netherlands	1983	—	No	No	No	No	[citation needed]
Norwegian: Norsk Romsenter (Norwegian Space Centre)	NRS NSC	Norway	1987	—	No	Yes	Yes	No	[38]
Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Urdu: پاکستان خلائی و بالا فضائی تحقی‍قاتی کمیشن)	SUPARCO سپارکو	Pakistan	16 September 1961	—	No	Yes	Yes	No	[citation needed]
Portuguese: Gabinete do Espaço da FCT (FCT Space Office)	[39] FCT SO	Portugal	2009	—	No	No	No	No
Romanian: Agenţia Spaţială Română (Romanian Space Agency)	ASR ROSA	Romania	1991	—	No	No	No	No	[citation needed]
former Egypt Remote Sensing Center	EASRT-RSC	Egypt	1971	1994	No	No	No	No	[32]
French: Centre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale Berber: Ammas Amrrukan n Tallunt (Arabic: المركز الملكي للإستشعار البعدي الفضائي‎) (Royal Centre for Remote Sensing)	CRTS	Morocco	December 1989	—	No	No	No	No	—
Russian:Федеральное космическое агентство (Russian Federal Space Agency)	ROSCOSMOS	Russia	c.1992	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[citation needed]
Sri Lanka Space Agency	SLSA	Sri Lanka	2010 (Proposed)	—	No	No	No	No	[40]
Turkish: TÜBİTAK Uzay Teknolojileri Araştırma Enstitüsü (TÜBİTAK UZAY) (TUBITAK Space Technologies Research Institute)	TÜBİTAK UZAY	Turkey	1985	—	No	Yes	No	No	—
Russian: Советская космическая программа (Soviet space program)	СССР	Soviet Union	ca. 1955	ca. 1991	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[citation needed]
Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization	SPARRSO	Bangladesh	1980	—	No	No	No	No	[41]
Polish: Centrum Badań Kosmicznych PAN (Space Research Centre)	CBK-PAN SRC	Poland	1977	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	[citation needed]
Space Research Institute of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: معهد بحوث الفضاء‎)	KACST-SRI	Saudi Arabia	—	—	No	Yes	No	No	—
Vietnamese: Viện Công nghệ vũ trụ (Space Technonogy Institute)	CNVT VAST-STI	Vietnam	20 November 2006	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	[42]
Swedish:Rymdstyrelsen (Swedish National Space Board)	SNSB	Sweden	1972	—	No	Yes	Yes	No	[citation needed]
Swiss Space Office	SSO	Switzerland	—	—	No	No	No	No	[citation needed]
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs	UNOOSA	United Nations	13 December 1958	—	—	—	—	—	[43]
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space	UNCOPUOS	[show]	12 December 1959	—	—	—	—	—	—

[edit]List of space agencies with launch capability

Space agency		Country	Founded	Terminated	Capabilities of the space agency				Ref(s)
Name	Acronym				Launch capable	Multiple Satellites Launch capable	Operates Extraterrestrial Probe	Recoverable Satellites capable
China National Space Administration (Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局)	CNSA	People's Republic of China	22 April 1993	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[9]
European Space Agency (French: Agence spatiale européenne) (German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation)	ESA ASE EWO	Austria  Belgium  Czech Republic  Denmark  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Ireland  Italy  Luxembourg  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  Romania  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  United Kingdom	31 May 1975	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[16][17]
Iranian Space Agency (Persian: سازمان فضایی ایران‎)	ISA ISA	Iran	2003	—	Yes	No	No	No	[44]
Israeli Space Agency (Hebrew: סוכנות החלל הישראלית‎) (Arabic: وكالة الفضاء الإسرائيلية‎)	ISA סל"ה	Israel	April 1983	—	Yes	No	No	No	[citation needed]
Indian Space Research Organization (Hindi: भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन)	ISRO इसरो	India	15 August 1969	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[45]
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japanese: 宇宙航空研究開発機構)	JAXA	Japan	1 October 2003	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[27]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	NASA	United States	1 October 1958	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[31]
French: Centre National d’Études Spatiales (National Center of Space Research)	CNES	France	19 December 1961	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	[33]
Ukrainian:Національне космічне агентство України (National Space Agency of Ukraine)	НКАУ NSAU	Ukraine	2 March 1992	—	Yes	Yes	No	No	[citation needed]
Russian:Федеральное космическое агентство (Russian Federal Space Agency(Roscosmos))	ROSCOSMOS RFSA	Russia	ca. 1992	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[citation needed]
Russian: Советская космическая программа (Soviet space program)	СССР	Soviet Union	ca. 1955	ca. 1991	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[citation needed]

[edit]List of space agencies with manned spaceflight capability

Space agency		Country	Founded	Terminated	Capabilities of the space agency					Ref(s)
Name	Acronym				Manned Spaceflight capable	Manned Space launch capable	Spacewalk capable	Space Rendezvous and Docking capable	Operates Space Station
China National Space Administration (Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局)	CNSA	People's Republic of China	22 April 1993	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[9][46]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	NASA	United States	1 October 1958	—	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	[31]
Russian:Федеральное космическое агентство (Russian Federal Space Agency)	ROSCOSMOS RFSA	Russia	ca. 1992	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[citation needed]
Russian:Советская космическая программа (Soviet space program)	СССР	Soviet Union	ca. 1955	ca. 1991	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[citation needed]

[edit]List of achievements of space agencies with lunar landing capability

Space agency		Country	Founded	Terminated	Accomplished tasks by the Space Agency					Ref(s)
Name	Acronym				Circumlunar Manned Spaceflight	Unmanned Moon Soft Landing	Unmanned (automated) lunar rover operation	Automated Lunar Soil Sampling and Delivery to Earth	Manned Moon Landing
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	NASA	United States	1 October 1958	—	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[31]
Russian:Советская космическая программа (Soviet space program)	СССР	Soviet Union	ca. 1955	ca. 1991	No	Yes	Yes[47]	Yes[48][49]	No	[50]

[edit]Expected future space agencies

Space agency		Country	Possible expected date of foundation	Current status	Ref(s)
Name	Acronym
Pan-Arab Space Agency	PASA	Arab League	—	—	[51]
Belarus Space Agency	BSA	Belarus	2010		[52]
Bolivian Space Agency	ABAE	Bolivia	2012	in 2012 a space satellite will be launched to orbit	[53]
Space Science and Technology Institute	SSTI	Lithuania	2010	SSTI plans nano-satellite with space capsules by Russian help.[54]	[55]
Mexican Space Agency (Spanish: Agencia Espacial Mexicana)	AEM	Mexico	2010	Founded in July, 2010. Yet in structuring process.	[56]
South African National Space Agency	SANSA	South Africa	2011	Bill signed by the President.	[57]
Sri Lanka Aeronautics and Space Agency	SLASA	Sri Lanka	2010	Immediate goal is to construct and launch two satellites. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get relevant help and resources.	[58][59]
Turkmenistan National Space Agency	TNSA	Turkmenistan	2011	TNSA plans a first satellite by help of SpaceX to 2014 [60]
Vietnam Space Commission	VNSC	Vietnam	—	—	[61]

[edit]Budgets

The annual budgets listed are the official budgets for national space agencies available in public domain. The budgets are not normalized to the expenses of space research in different countries, i.e. higher budget does not necessarily mean more activity or better performance in space exploration.^[62][63] For European contributors to ESA, the national budgets shown are separate from their contributions to ESA.

Country	Agency	Budget (USD)
United States	NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)	$17,700 million (2012)[64]
ESA[show]	ESA (European Space Agency)	$5,430 million (2011)[65]
Russia	ROSCOSMOS (Russian Federal Space Agency)	$3,800 million (2011)[66]
France	CNES (French Space Agency)	$2,822 million (2010)[67]
Japan	JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)	$2,460 million[68]
Germany	DLR (German Aerospace Center)	$2,000 million[69]
India	ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)	$1,320 million[70]
China	CNSA (China National Space Administration)	$1,300 million[71]
Italy	ASI (Italian Space Agency)	$1,000 million[72]
Iran	ISA (Iranian Space Agency)	$500 million[73]
United Kingdom	UKSA (UK Space Agency)	$414 million[74]
Brazil	AEB (Brazilian Space Agency)	$343 million[75]
Canada	CSA (Canadian Space Agency)	$300 million[76]
South Korea	KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute)	$300 million[77]
Ukraine	NSAU (National Space Agency of Ukraine)	$250 million[78]
Belgium	BELSPO (Belgian Federal Office for Science Policy)	$170 million[79]
Argentina	CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales)	$148 million[80]
Spain	INTA (Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial)	$135 million[81]
Sweden	SNSB (Swedish National Space Board)	$100 million[82]
Pakistan	SUPARCO (Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission)	$82 million[83]
Netherlands	SRON (Netherlands Institute for Space Research)	$26 million[84]
Switzerland	SSO (Swiss Space Office)	$10 million[85]
Mexico	AEM (Mexican Space Agency)	$8.34 million[86]
World	All space agencies (Total of listed budgets)	$32,894.34 million

[edit]World maps

The nations which have active space agencies. This map follows the key above.

• 

  Countries capable ofManned Space Flight
 
• 

  Countries withExtraterrestrial Probes
 
• 

  Space Launch capable countries
 
• 

  Countries with Sounding Rockets
 
• 

  Satellite operating countries
 
• 

  Countries with Astronauts

[edit]See also

Spaceflight portal

• List of private spaceflight companies

[edit]References

1. ^ Besser, Bruno (January 2004). "Austria’s History in Space" (PDF). pp. 25–28. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
2. ^ "ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Other space agencies". 3 January 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
3. ^ "Aeronomy.be – Contact – Who are we?". Retrieved 7 March 2008.
4. ^ "Press release from Venezuela's space agency citing presidency decree directing to incorporate the space agency". Retrieved 27 November 2008.^{[dead link]}
5. ^ Brazil's Atlantic Spaceports SpaceToday. Retrieved on 1 March 2011.
6. ^ "Presidency of Brazil: Law 8.854 of 02/10/1994 – "That creates the Brazilian Space Agency, and other measures".". Retrieved 6 April 2008.
7. ^ Space research in Bulgaria is coordinated by the Inter-Department Commission for Space Research (Bulgarian: Междуведомствена комисия по космически изследвания)[1] which is constituted from the deputy ministers of several ministries and representatives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
8. ^ "Canadian Space Milestones". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
9. ^ ^a b c "China National Space Administration – Organization and Function". Retrieved 9 March 2008.
10. ^ "Colombian Space Commission – CCE". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
11. ^ No current Space Agency. Senate inquiry has called for formation of one. "Australian Senate inquiry into Space Science – Report".
12. ^ ^a b c Committee headquartered in France, within theInternational Council for Science (ICSU).
13. ^ "HSA Hrvatske svemirske agencija" (in Croatian). Retrieved 25 May 2010.
14. ^ "About Czech Space Office (CSO)". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
15. ^ "About DTU Space". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
16. ^ ^a b "ESA – About ESA – What is ESA?". ESA. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
17. ^ ^a b "ESA – About ESA – History of the European Space Agency". ESA. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
18. ^ "Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency - About Us".
19. ^ ^a b "Das DLR im Überblick".
20. ^ "MaSat-1".
21. ^ El astronauta español de la ESA vuelve al espacio(Spanish)
22. ^ Programas de Alta Tecnología de Nanosatélites, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
23. ^ Sounding Rocket Station El Arenosillo
24. ^ Iran Test-fires Rocket Carrying Experimental Biological Capsule
25. ^ "Iran tests sounding rocket, unveils first homemade satellite | World | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
26. ^ "Iran launches homegrown satellite". BBC News. 3 February 2009.
27. ^ ^a b JAXA official site "JAXA HISTORY". Retrieved 5 December 2006.
28. ^ "朝鲜宣布发展太空计划抗衡"西方强权"". 民族网. 8 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
29. ^ "Despite Clinton, Korea has rights". Workers.org. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
30. ^ "Malaysian National Space Agency, Official Website – Background". Retrieved 7 March 2008.
31. ^ ^a b c d "NASA History in Brief". NASA. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
32. ^ ^a b "http://www.narss.sci.eg/AboutNARSS.aspx". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
33. ^ ^a b "About CNES". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
34. ^ ^a b "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales – Background". CONAE. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
35. ^ "IIAE Orion". Retrieved 20 June 2009.
36. ^ "Remote Sensing activities in Mongolia". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
37. ^ Previously named National Space Program Organisation, until 1 April 2005 – "About NSPO/Heritage". Retrieved 1 April 2009.^{[dead link]}
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